Learning to Look Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Learning to Look - Essay Example Thus, the mass of the subjects were thin to again suggest and associate the product as an object of desire. The shape also is suggesting a constant motion, garb fashionably and ready to go. The left portion of the poster was intentionally left blank to reinforce the idea of motion that the subject is going somewhere and therefore, she should be unimpeded. In this aspect, balance was intentionally ignored to pull the focus on the woman who is about to go somewhere. The color of her dress is coordinated with the cigar to achieve unity with the product being advertised. Combining their colors, slim shape and set into a seemingly moving motion, the images achieved rhythm or a sort of harmony that makes the subject being advertised to be pleasing to the eyes. This kind of approach of using slender women alongside with a slender product in advertisement also adds variety on the approach of transforming a potentially harmful product into something desirable. The approach of Virginia Slims in this product is to convey an idea of confidence and happiness to any woman who are going to smoke their product. This was achieved by effectively using the elements of visual design to convey desirability to their product and create a picture of perfection and happiness to its product. This kind of advertising that uses the elements of design of tall straight lines and slim mass appeals to our sense of vanity that certain product can make us beautiful that could make us happier. All of these are of course created perceptions to serve a certain marketing objective which is induced and/or create demand for Virginia Slims. The use of this approach in the advertisment of Virginia Slims to induce women to smoke also induces anxiety among its target market then later provide Virginia Slims cigarette as the panacea to relieve the women of its distress through the use of beautiful images

Monism Philosophy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Monism Philosophy - Research Paper Example It follows the main formula which depends on the target and the unit. Monism is the opposing concept of pluralisms and nihilisms, because these concepts are focused on the importance of plurality in the nature of things (Scaffer â€Å"Monism†). The objective of the paper is to present a perspective on materialistic monism, one of the main types of the concept. Due to the numerous types of monism, one can surmise that any individual can have one of his or her own but the pressing question is which one is the most applicable to be used and to be prioritized. Materialistic monism is the feasible paradigm that can justify the interrelatedness of entities in nature. Supporting Evidences of Monism There are different concepts in the historical and contemporary knowledge that can be used to support the connection between natural phenomena and materialistic monism. One of the main evidences in that of the biological realism specifically the manner by which the brain works. The human b ody is one of the examples of entity in nature. Monism explores the manner by which different entities exist as one. It can be translated that the different matters are composed of similar units. The human body as that of nature is composed of units that can be considered related to every other component of matters and entities in nature. ... In this scenario, it is needed to be pointed out that the process of the mind cannot be separated from that of the brain, thus, the functions of the organ can be perceived in the holistic sense (Fingelkurts, Fingelkurts & Neves 264-68). Another evidence in relation to monism is related to the blobject, which is a concept related to the oneness of the matters in the universe. It defines the concept of materialistic monism (Scaffer â€Å"Monism†). Materialistic monism had been defined as God and nature. It is the law of substance as presented by William James (Worthen, Ellis & Kinkead-Weekes 179). Based on Spinoza’s work entitled Ethics – â€Å"Except God, no substance can be or be conceived† – which means that the entities in nature just transform through reorganization of components and not made. In addition, at a particular point, the components cannot be divided anymore but can only be defined as part of a whole (Bachli & Petrus 65). These concept s can be considered as the main evidences in the thesis of the interrelatedness of entities in nature, both living and non-living matters. According to the basic view in environmental science by Earnst Haeckel, he advocated the monism in nature which was defined as the unity in the mind and body. The main examples are the living matter and their basic components which if analyzed are also similar as that of the non-living things in the surroundings. Basically, the main point of the proposition regarding monism is the fact that every natural occurrence can be attributed to and be supported by the principle of monism. Even the transfer of energy from one matter to another reflects the interrelatedness of entities

Clinical case scenario assignment

Clinical case scenario assignment The impact of oral conditions on an individuals quality of life can be profound, more so when they are increased risk patients such as the elderly or those with Down syndrome. These individuals experience the same dental problems as the general population; however, poor oral health may add an additional burden, whereas good oral health has benefits in that it can improve general health, social acceptability, self-esteem and quality of life (Fiske, Griffiths, Jamieson, Manger, 2000). When formulating an oral health care plan for higher risk patients, it is valuable to have a general knowledge of how to treat such cases. This assessment will explore two clinical case scenarios and the process through which each treatment plan is developed. Furthermore, the importance of providing a patient with quality care, rather than merely treatment, will be explored. CASE 1 Appointment 1: Complete Initial Assessment Take medical history According to Duggal, Hosy, and Welbury (2005, p.42), taking a comprehensive case history is an â€Å"essential prelude to clinical examination, diagnosis, and treatment planning†, and also plays a role in establishing a relationship with the patient. In this case the patient is a thirteen year old female with Down syndrome, a genetic disorder that ranges in severity with unique characteristics that can influence dental care (Pilcher, 1998). It is associated with physical and medical conditions such as cardiac defects, compromised immune system, and upper respiratory infections (MacDonald Avery, 2000). Dental consideration The history reveals that the patient received surgery for a cardiac abnormality at birth, and does not require antibiotic cover for dental treatment. The National Heart Foundation of New Zealand (2009) state that antibacterial cover is given as a prophylactic measure to prevent endocarditis; a serious and potentially fatal infection that affects the endocardium when bacteria is transported through the blood stream from the mouth because of dental work. Although prophylaxis is not necessary, consultation with the patients physician is crucial to determine any underlying medical conditions that concern her dental treatment. According to Pilcher (1998) the eruption of teeth in persons with Down syndrome is usually delayed, may occur in an unusual order and there is an extremely high rate of missing teeth in both the primary and permanent dentitions. Therefore, it is important to maintain the primary dentition for as long as possible. Additionally, The National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR) (2010) state that patients with Down syndrome can experience rapid destructive periodontal disease thought to be a result of their lowered host immune response. Other related factors include abnormal tooth morphology with an increased likelihood of smaller or conical roots, bruxism, malocclusion, and poor oral hygiene (Boyd, Quick, Murray, 2004). Therefore, good homecare is vital to manage periodontal disease and carious lesions. The mental capability of people with Down syndrome can vary widely (NIDCR, 2010), which is why as a health professional it is important to perceive how much information the patient is able to comprehend. Education should be given to the family and caregiver to ensure optimal homecare is provided. Plaque index Taking a plaque score is a quick and useful way for a dental provider to assess oral hygiene by estimating the tooth surface covered with debris and/or calculus (Wilkins, 2009). The patient has plaque deposits along the gingival margins of many tooth surfaces and calculus deposits on the lingual surfaces of the lower anterior teeth indicating poor oral hygiene. Periodontal probing It is described that the patient has red and inflamed gingival tissues with the worst area associated with the upper anterior teeth. This is likely to be a result of mouth breathing which is common in patients with Down syndrome due to a small nasal airway and incompetent lips (Pilcher, 1998). Periodontal charting will determine whether the condition is gingivitis which is reversible or periodontitis. If there are periodontal pocket depths greater than 3mm, bone loss and root surface involvement, a more extensive treatment will be required (Wilkins, 2009). Record examination and dental charting Upper permanent lateral incisors appear to be absent Upper deciduous canines show no mobility permanent canines not visible Mesial marginal ridge of 75 broken down as a result of dental caries and is symptomless Fistula buccal to 74 Permanent incisors and first molars show signs of mild to moderate hypoplasia Radiographs Bitewing radiographs should be taken to check for bone levels, calculus, overhangs of restorations, and carious lesions in the posterior teeth. An orthopantomogram (OPG) will determine the presence and position of permanent teeth and assess growth and development as well as other pathology (Cameron Widmer, 2003). Additionally, a periapical radiograph will be necessary for pre-operative assessment of tooth 74 and 75 to determine the origin of the fistula. Diagnosis Abscessed tooth (74 or 75 depending on radiographs) 75 has dental caries with pulpal involvement Periodontal disease (depending on pocket depth) Differential diagnosis: Severe plaque-induced gingivitis or Chronic periodontitis Mild to moderate molar incisor hypomineralisation hypoplasia Oral health education and instruction The patient has poor plaque control and therefore should be taught brushing and flossing techniques using the tell/show/do method so the dental provider can see how well the patient and parent or caregiver understand what is being instructed. She should be advised to brush at least twice a day and floss daily, as well as brush the tongue and gingiva. The use of an electric toothbrush and floss holders should be recommended as those with Down syndrome often have limited manual dexterity (Sacks Buckley, 2003). Additionally, a high concentration of fluoride such as Neutrofluor 5000 Plus toothpaste is recommended for daily use by patients with high risk of dental caries which Wilkins states will promote remineralisation and help strengthen the teeth (2009). Dietary advice Diet should be discussed with a focus on finding if the patient has a lot of sugar in her diet and educating her on the effects of cariogenic foods, perhaps using Stephans curve to explain depending on her level of understanding. The patient should be encouraged to eat cheese, unsweetened yogurt, milk and other dairy products as they contain calcium, phosphorous and magnesium which helps protect dental health (The Dairy Council Digest, 2000). Moreover, sugary and acidic drinks should be minimised as they can cause enamel erosion. It is vital the parent or caregiver receive this information as they may have a significant influence over her diet and pamphlets taken home to serve as a reference or reminder. Formulate a treatment plan Cameron and Widmer (2003, p. 6) state that treatment should be performed in the following order: (1) Emergency care and relief of pain, (2) preventive care, (3) surgical treatment, (4) restorative treatment, (5) orthodontic treatment, (6) extensive restorative or further surgical management, and (7) recall and review. Once this has been completed it should be discussed with both the patient and her parents or caregiver and informed consent must be given. Appointment 2: The amalgam restoration in the 74 is described as appearing sound but there is a fistula present buccal to the tooth. A fistula is a channel allowing excess exudate to drain from an abscess (Ibsen Phelan, 2004). Although this can be painless, it is considered an emergency and should be dealt with before any dental treatment. It is likely that the fistula is related to the 75 which is broken down due to dental caries. When the marginal ridge of a primary molar is broken down due to dental caries, the pulp is consistently exposed (Cameron Widmer, 2003). Although the 75 is described as symptomless, this may be because the drained exudate is relieving pressure from inside the tooth meaning it is less likely to be painful. If the PA radiograph confirms that the carious lesion on tooth 75 has pulpal involvement, it will be treated with either pulpectomy or extraction. Pulpectomy: If tooth 35 is not present, the 75 should be preserved and a referral to a dentist to perform root canal therapy will be given. It is advised that a stainless steel crown be placed as according to Cameron and Widmer (2003) this is the strongest possible final restoration following pulpectomy and will be necessary to preserve the 75 for as long as possible. Extraction: If 35 is present, the 75 should be extracted. However if 35 is not ready to erupt, a space maintainer is recommended to preserve the gap after extraction of 75 to prevent the adjacent teeth drifting into its space. This will enable the 35 to erupt in the proper position and prevent malocclusion in the future and will require a referral to an orthodontist. The amalgam restoration on tooth 74 appears sound and depending on radiograph results, if there is no abscess on tooth 74 and 34 is present, no treatment is needed on this tooth. If there is abscess on 74, the same treatment for abscessed 75 is indicated. Appointment 3: Reassess oral hygiene: Reinforce good behaviour and make necessary recommendations for continual improvement. Scale and polish: The aim of this is to remove as much bacteria from the oral cavity as possible and have a healthy mouth to perform restorative work in. According to Stefanac and Nesbit (2001), when planning treatment, it is sensible to put the least invasive treatments first when possible so that the patient can familiarise themselves with the dental setting and feel comfortable. (Pilcher, 1998) states that having a patient with Down syndrome that is relaxed and at ease can assists with cooperation in the chair and useful for future appointments. Hypoplasia: The permanent incisors and first molars are described as having mild to moderate hypoplasia. Enamel hypoplasia is a deficiency in quantity of enamel that results in a defect of contour in the surface (Cameron Widmer, 2003). This defect can cause tooth sensitivity, may be unsightly and more susceptible to dental caries. A compromised immune system is a characteristic of most individuals with Down syndrome which contributes to a higher rate of infections (Pilcher, 1998) and it is possible that the hypoplasia is related to the patients condition. Because of the teeth involved, this is likely to be Molar Incisor Hypomineralisation (MIH) which is defined as a hypomineralisation of systemic origin of one to four permanent first molars frequently associated with affected incisors (Weerheijm, 2003). It is important that MIH be treated as soon as identified to minimise the heightened risk of dental caries and prevent the patient from experiencing tooth sensitivity. Treatment options depend on the severity of the hypoplasia and the symptoms associated with it (University of Iowa, n.d.). It should be noted that the worst area of inflamed gingival tissue is associated with the upper anterior teeth which could be a result of the patient avoiding these as they are sensitive or painful to brush. It may be useful to ask the patient about this so that education can be given on the importance of brushing all areas and the problem can be addressed. In this case scenario, the most effective treatment would be the application of a fluoride varnish to the hypoplastic areas followed by resin-based sealants. Alternatively, if ideal moisture control cannot be achieved, glass ionomer sealant can be used. According to Subramaniam, Konde, and Mandanna (2008), the retention of resin sealant is seen to be superior of that of the glass ionomer which should be treated as temporary only. Cameron and Widmer (2003) explain that localised defects may be restored with composite resin and pitting defects may require stain removal with either rotary instruments or some sort of bleaching system. Furthermore, if there is sensitivity, the use of tooth mousse products should be advised to assist with remineralisation and desensitisation of the teeth (Walsh, 2007). Appointment 4: Remove IRM: Although the temporary restoration on tooth 65 is sound, it should be replaced with a permanent filling as Mount and Hume state that zinc oxide eugenol hydrolyses in time and should not be used for over six months (1998). Additionally, composite should not be used because the release of eugenol will inhibit the polymerisation of the composite resin (Mount Hume, 1998). Therefore, an amalgam restoration should be placed on tooth 65 if the radiograph shows tooth 25 is present. If the permanent successor is not present, the temporary restoration should be replaced with a permanent restoration like a stainless steel crown and may require pulpotomy depending on how far the carious lesion has progressed in the tooth. Recall: A three month recall should be arranged as the patient is high risk for caries and periodontal disease. It is essential that optimal oral hygiene is maintained and well monitored by the dental practitioner. CASE 2 The human needs of each older adult must be assessed individually and not based on preconceived stereotypes as the healthcare needs of elderly persons can vary from health to severe illness (Darby Walsh, 2010). According to Fiske et al. (2000) there is a general trend for a reduction in edentulism and an increase in the retention of natural teeth. This attitude leads to more people wanting to understand how to best maintain good oral hygiene and it is the role of the dental provider to assist these individuals with appropriate educational instructions. In this clinical case scenario the patient is an 81 year old man who comes to the clinic for dental hygiene care. Appointment 1: Complete Initial Assessment Take medical history The patient shows early signs of Parkinsons disease; a progressive neurodegenerative disorder of neurons that produce dopamine (Little, Falace, Miller, Rhodus, 2008). Loss of these neurons results in characteristic motor disturbances including a resting tremor, muscular rigidity, bradykinesia and postural instability. It is common for those with Parkinsons disease to also experience xerostomia as a result of polypharmacy and is significant as this increases the risk of periodontal disease and coronal and root surface caries (Wilkins, 2009). It is described that the patient has mild congestive heart failure which The American Heart Association (2011) state is the inability of the heart to supply sufficient blood flow to meet the needs of the body and can be a result of myocardial infarction and other forms of ischemic heart disease, hypertension, valvular heart disease, and cardiomyopathy. As the heart failure is mild, he will not require antibiotic prophylaxis for dental treatment however it is wise to confirm this with his physician. The patient is taking nitroglycerin tablets under the tongue to relieve chest pain several times a week. It is taken sublingually for immediate relief of chest pain by reducing the oxygen need of the heart and may cause dizziness, light-headedness and fainting and may cause xerostomia (Medline Plus, 2011). The patient has stiffness in the fingers of his dominant right hand due to arthritis; an inflammatory or degenerative process which involves the joints (Arthritis Foundation, 2011). Patients with arthritis may experience pain, swelling, limitation of motion and deformity of the joints and may find it difficult to keep an open mouth for long dental procedures. Oral hygiene assessment The patient has poor oral hygiene. It is likely that due to his arthritis which affects the fingers in his right hand, he is not adequately brushing quadrants 2 and 3. It should be noted that there are signs of abrasion lesions on the buccal surfaces of quadrants 1 and 4. Abrasion is the mechanical wearing away of tooth substance by forces other than mastication (Wilkins, 2009, p.272) and this is likely to be a result of the patient vigorously brushing horizontally. Furthermore, he has heavy plaque deposits on the lower lingual and all interproximal which indicate interproximal plaque removal methods must be instructed. Periodontal probing All periodontal pockets measure 1-3 mm except for 26 mesial with a probing depth of 4mm indicating generally good periodontal health. Record exam and dental charting 27 moderately filled teeth present with tooth 25 lost due to a fractured root Gingival recession is present with 1-2 mm areas of root surfaces exposed on most teeth. A couple of theses surfaces present with light brown marks that are soft to touch Tooth 26 shows sign of periodontal bone loss palatally as well as tipping and drifting forward into the space left by 25 Heavy plaque deposits on the buccal surfaces of quadrant 2 and quadrant 3 as well as lower lingual and all interproximal surfaces Very light plaque deposits on the buccal surfaces of quadrant 1 and quadrant 4 Some surfaces with light plaque show signs of abrasion Radiographs To complete the initial assessment, bitewing radiographs and an OPG should be taken. This can give the dental provider information on alveolar bone levels, plaque retention factors, interproximal and secondary caries, furcation defects, subgingival calculus and additional pathology (Tugnail, Clerehugh, Hirschmann, 1999). A periapical radiograph of tooth 26 is taken to examine bone loss and to check for subgingival calculus and root surface caries. Risk assessment The patient is at high risk of developing dental caries and moderate risk for periodontal disease due to his medical history. His lack of manual dexterity associated with Parkinsons disease and arthritis, makes adequate plaque removal difficult to achieve. Moreover, due to medications, he is more likely to have xerostomia which will increase his risk of periodontal disease and dental caries, especially root surface caries (Wilkins, 1999). Diagnosis Moderate plaque-induced gingivitis Localised moderate chronic periodontitis on tooth 26 due to tilting Generalised gingival recession Toothbrush abrasion Areas of root surface caries Oral health education and oral hygiene instruction Perhaps the most important treatment a dental provider can give is that of oral health education, information, promotion and counselling. This enables the patient to maintain good oral hygiene themselves and prevent further disease processes. In this clinical case scenario it is vital to advise the patient on homecare which will address his risks of dental caries and periodontal disease. According to Darby Walsh (2010) caries control and prevention activities must address three interrelated factors: (1) removal of bacterial plaque and biofilm, (2) reduction of refined carbohydrates and snacking in the diet, and (3) use of topical fluoride. The patients oral hygiene activities are compromised due to the arthritis in his right hand and in the future will be further affected by his developing Parkinsons disease. His poor oral hygiene should be addressed firstly by recommending the use of adaptive devices. Using a powered toothbrush and modifications of handle size, width, and grip, will provide assistance for the patient with thorough plaque removal. It should also be suggested that the patient use floss holders to ensure the effective removal of interproximal plaque or alternatively, interproximal brushes can be recommended if the patient is able to use them effectively. Poor dietary practices involving the over consumption of soft, retentive refined carbohydrates and frequent snacking patterns are common among older adults (Darby Walsh, 2010). The dental provider has an obligation to educate the patient on optimum food choices and nutritional patterns to promote oral health. It could also be beneficial to speak with any caregivers regarding the patients diet and make suggestions to prevent further carious lesions. Replacing sweet snacks with cheese and crackers or substituting sugar-free hard candy for mints are examples of two specific dietary interventions that may be more easily and realistically implemented for older adults. Furthermore, the frequent use of topical fluoride products for home use should be encouraged. A high fluoride toothpaste (5,000 ppm) will help to strengthen enamel and aid in the prevention of dental caries and will cause little change in the routine of the patient. For management of xerostomia, the patient is advised to take frequent sips of water and avoid the consumption of alcoholic drinks which will further dry out the oral mucosa. Sugar-free chewing gums will help stimulate the saliva but if the patient experiences difficulty in chewing because of arthritis, this may not be advisable. Additionally, tooth mousse should be recommended to provide lubrication and assist in preventing root surface caries (Walsh, 2007). If the patient is unable to provide adequate home care, alternative solutions should be provided, such as the introduction of the Collis curve toothbrush, assisted brushing, or chlorhexidine rinses (Little et al., 2008) These aids facilitate self-care and hence self-determination for the patient. The patient may suffer from mild dementia and due to his age may have difficulty remembering everything discussed at the initial appointment therefore all instruction should be written down and passed to him or a caregiver. Formulate a treatment plan Appointments should be kept short and scheduled in the morning or early afternoon when patient is less tired or whenever suits his needs best. Once a care plan has been completed it should be discussed with the patient and informed consent must be given. Appointment 2: Re-assess oral hygiene Quadrant scaling is recommended in case a full debridement cannot be completed in one appointment Reinforce good oral hygiene Appointment 3: Re-assess oral hygiene Complete scaling and full mouth polish Reinforce good oral hygiene A referral letter to the patients dentist is to be written and given to him regarding the restorative work required on the root caries present in his mouth. The importance of treatment should be explained to the patient and if necessary his caregivers should also be advised of the work required. As a preventive method, fluoride varnish should be applied to the other receded areas to help remineralise the enamel and reduce any sensitivity the patient may be experiencing (Wilkins, 2009). Recall: Upon completion of treatment for this patient, a three month recall should be arranged as his medical history indicates he may require regular maintenance in the future. This is also a good chance to evaluate the outcome and effectiveness of the previous treatment. According to Stefanac and Nesbit (2001) an oral health care plan is about balancing the ideal with the practical, and emphasis should be placed on the patient and their needs which ought to drive the treatment planning process. There has been a shift in treatment given by dental providers, where the focus is now on not only restoring the problem in the clinic, but educating the patient on how they can best achieve optimal oral health themselves. This assessment has investigated two different clinical case scenarios and discussed oral health care plans for each. In addition, it has examined the importance of treating each patient as an individual with specific needs and the significance of providing them with methods or self-care.

17th centry teater :: essays research papers

The 17th Century gave life to an array of cultural and educational advances. This was known as the renaissance. Renaissance, a word meaning rebirth of knowledge and culture, is the ideal word to explain the occurrences of the time period of 1400-1700. In this range of time, subjects such as science, math, and literature made an amazing and strong comeback. These topics became immensely important to society and the culture of this time. In the 1600’s, theater and drama became very popular in England, forcing the creation of new theater techniques ranging from the different play styles, to the very acting dramatics in which the actors employed in the plays.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This Renaissance in Europe began the relief that was needed by the people in the eastern world having experienced the Middle Ages (500-1500AD). The people of Europe needed to make changes to their culture because it was a dark and drab time to be alive. Things including the terrible Bubonic, or Black, Plague; which infected many people in Europe resulting in death; and a depressing atmosphere in England at the time necessitated a new type of culture. The last time that a society of people partook in social events such as a play was when the Greek and Roman Empires were still in existence. Many of the topics being studied by people during the Renaissance were studied through records that these no longer existent cultures had left behind. Now the people in Renaissance Europe could learn information from the knowledgeable people of many previous years. These mathematicians, artists, and scientists contributed much to the Europe of that time. The plays of that time ar e similar to that of the â€Å"Elizabethan Theater† because play writers in Europe adopted tactics used by their predecessors in the past empires of the world (Yancey 8). Also the basic design for the amphitheaters used to perform the plays was taken from the Romans. One of the better known amphitheaters was The Globe, which Shakespeare used personally (Yancey 28). Before the days of the Elizabethan Theater, guilds (companies that put plays on) generally preformed plays in Latin.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Elizabeth Tudor, the daughter of Henry VIII had become queen on January 15, 1558. She herself was a Renaissance woman. Her presence as the Queen England had sparked the rise of English culture and even the society itself. In the time she was the queen, theater had also grown to a size that was never seen before.

Management History Essay

Managers can look at past managerial methods in order to make decisions that will best suit themselves and help their organisations, as well as giving their organisation a competitive advantage (Boddy D. , 2005). In this essay I will be arguing against the proposition that knowledge of management history is irrelevant to modern practice. To show that management history is important for modern managers, I am going to discuss and focus on a number of historical management techniques and theories and how they can be useful. I will talk about how these management techniques and theories are relevant with modern management. The first approach I will look at is the classical approach. Too elaborate on this theory I will split it in to two areas; the scientific management theory and the administrative principals. Firstly I will discuss the scientific approach; where I will talk about Frederick Winslow Taylor and his theory on the importance of workers being trained and the importance of the selection process (Bartol & Martin, 1994). The next branch is the administrative approach involving theorist Henri Fayol and how his theories have been well respected and become a big part of modern management today. To finish off my argument I will be talking about the behavioural side of management by relating to Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Through looking into these methods I hope to give the reader a good understanding as to why I believe historical management has had a big impact on modern management today and will continue to do so in the future. The first discussion will be based around the classical approach, an approach to management that is seen as a way of managers making decisions based around economic concern. There are three main areas within the classical approach, these being scientific management, administrative principles and bureaucratic organisation. However, throughout my argument I will be focusing only on two of these approaches, thus being the scientific approach and the administrative principals. The two main theorists who are heavily involved in these consist of Frederick Winslow Taylor, whom was the founder of scientific management and Henri Fayol whom has had a big influence on the administrative principals. I will also mention Mary Parker Follet whom has also had a big impact on the administrative principals. (Schermerhorn, Davidson, Poole, Simon, Woods, & Chau, 2011). I have chosen to focus only on these two areas of classical management as they are well related to my argument that historical management is relevant to modern management. The  first approach I will be discussing is the classical approach, where we will first be talking about scientific management. The man behind the scientific management theory is known as Frederick Winslow Taylor. Taylor’s main contributions to management thought and practice ha ve come through his idea of the scientific management theory and approach. In 1911, Frederick Winslow Taylor published his work, ‘the principles of scientific management.’ These principles described how applying the scientific method to the management of workers could greatly improve productivity through the analysis and synthesis of workflows. It is a theory of management that analyzes and synthesizes workflows, improving work productivity (Schermerhorn, Davidson, Poole, Simon, Woods, & Chau, 2011). To back my argument that management history is important for modern managers we see Henry Ford come into the picture. The ideas of Taylor were continued through well-known car manufacturer Henry Ford who went on to replace his workers with machinery, generally when it came to doing things such as heavy lifting (Daft, 2005). Scientific management has four guiding action principles, these being; to develop a ‘science’ for every job that includes rules of motion, standardize work processes and appropriate working conditions. Also to carefully select workers with the right abilities for the job, to carefully train them and give them proper incentives to cooperate with the job ‘science’ (Schermerhorn, Davidson, Poole, Simon, Woods, & Chau, 2011). Frank Gilbreth whom worked as a bricklayer put Taylors ideas into place and created a method that allowed the number of movements to lay a brick reduce from 18 to 2 therefore going on to increase the rate from 120-350 bricks (Hatch & Cunliffe, 2006). Taylors work is still being used in modern day and his concepts are well thought of, his ideas are clearly seen at the roots of management today. Scientific management has proven to be a very beneficial way for companies to develop and improve their approach towards business (Helms & Cengage, 2 006). The next part of the classical approach I will be talking about is the administrative principals. The administrative principal’s approach to management came about from a man named Henri Fayol. Most management textbooks published today acknowledge Fayol to be the father of the administrative theory (Daft, 2005). Fayol was a French mining engineer, whom gradually worked his way up the ranks until he was manager of up to 10000 employees for over 30 years. The administrative principles  involved issues such as departmentalization, span of control, exceptions to routine, and hierarchy. An example of the administrative principals being used in modern management can be seen through major fast food franchise McDonalds. The efficient production of their fast food is crucial towards customer satisfaction and organisation success therefore Fayol’s principles come in use for this systematic type of organisational structure. Here we see another part of historical management being used in a very successful franchise within the modern era. Mary Parker Follet was also a contributor to administrative principles. Follet believed that growth and success would come from the direct interaction between members of the organisational groups achieving common goals and objectives. She also displayed a general understanding of groups and showed commitment to human co-operation, creating ideas that are still relevant today (Schermerhorn, Davidson, Poole, Simon, Woods, & Chau, 2011). The next part of my argument belongs to that of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Abraham Maslow has identified 5 important needs that individuals should aim to require in order to positively influence their contribution within the workplace. Maslow’s theory is often represented as a pyramid, with the larger, lower levels representing the essential needs, and the upper levels representing the need for self-actualization. The first need starts from the bottom of the table, this being psychological. Psychological needs are our basic needs, needs such as food and water. Safety needs are next, expressing an emphasis on the need for security and protection. Self-belongingness is the next need and falls under the category of social needs and feeling as though you are a part of something, a community, or group of some type. This is then followed by self-esteem needs which will mean you are given respect and recognition for your work, leaves the employee with a sense of competency. The last need of all and the highest need in Maslow’s theory is self-actualisation. This need looks at employees achieving self-fulfilments and goals, on the completion of certain tasks employees allow themselves to grow in confidence by using their abilities to their full extent (Davidson, Griffin, Simon, & Woods, 2009). Maslow believes that the only reason that people would not move well in direction of self-actualization is because of hindrances placed in their way. These days we are beginning to see Maslow’s theory in many businesses as a way of motivating employees. Managers are using Maslow’s  theory within the work place to help give their employees motivation and something to work towards and achieve, it is a tool managers use to help point employees in the right direction (Davidson, Griffin, Simon, & Woods, 2009). A prime example of this is volunteers working for non for profit organisations. With the fact that there is no money involved in volunteer works it is important for these volunteers to have the Maslow’s theory approach merged into their business setting as well as a part of their work ethic. This is vital in order to feel as though they are reaping rewards from the hard work they are putting in, as in volunteer work, money is non-existent. Managers also now tend to change and mix up the way they are motivating employees by giving different rewards and motivation stimuli in order to keep volunteers and employees happy to stay with the organisation (Hatch & Cunliffe, 2006). As I have stated, it is clear too see that the two types of classical approaches discussed both have an impact on modern management. With Frederick Winslow Taylor and his theory of scientific management we can see that an important aspect is to obtain maximum wealth for both the employee and the employer. The example of Frank Gilbreth and his techniques used with bricklaying help us understand that positive outcomes come from Taylors theory and we are able too see that his theory has not gone un noticed and is infact a part of modern management. The same goes with the next part to classical management, this being the administrative principals. We again see administrative principles being applied to modern management. Our example based around this theory being major fast food franchise McDonalds. ‘The efficient production of their fast food is crucial towards customer satisfaction and organisation success.’ McDonalds is one of the largest franchises in the world today and will continue to be for years to come, and it is worthy proof showing the administrative principals involvement within such a successful franchise within modern management. The last theory I discussed was that thought by Abraham Maslow and his hierarchy of needs. This theory is a vital part of one’s mind and can help achieve a certain degree of self-belief within an employee as well as a manager or employer. It is a useful tool for managers to keep employees motivated and feel as though they are achieving. Throughout this essay I believe I have been able to support my argument as to why I believe that historical management is relevant to modern management. References Bartol, K. M., & Martin, D. C. (1994). Management. Michigan: McGraw-Hill series in management. Blake, A, M. (2010) One hundred years after The principles of Scientific Management. One Hundred Years after The Principles of Scientific Management, 1-9 Boddy, D. (2005). Management an introduction 3rd edition. Harlow: Pearson Education Ltd. Daft, R, S. (2005). Management second pacific rim edition. Florida: Dryden press. Davidson, P., Griffin, R. W., Simon, A., & Woods, P. (2009). Management 4th Australasian Edition. Milton: John Wiley & Sons Australia. Hatch, M. J., & Cunliffe, A. L. (2006). Organization Theory. New York: Oxford University Press Inc. Helms, M. M., & Cengage, G. (2006). Chain of Command Principle Retrieved 22 August, 2011, from http://www.enotes.com/management-encyclopedia/chain-command-principle Schermerhorn, J. R., Davidson, P., Poole, D., Simon, A., Woods, P., & Chau, S. L. (2011). Management (4th Asia-Pacific ed.). Milton, Queensland: John Wiley and Sons.

Children in Advertisements

The ever expanding markets for goods and their unchallenged assault through advertisements are flooding the society with information and ideas, attitudes and imagery which is difficult to control and assimilate. This is affecting the young minds to a great extent especially when entertainment is interspersed with commercial messages. Adults may be able to develop a rational resistance to this onslaught, but children may not. The children of non-TV age did not take advertisements seriously. They heard commercials on radio, read advertisements in comic books, children's magazines and outdoor posters.On the whole, adults as well as children cared little for advertisements. Television changed people/Es perception of advertisements. For the TV advertiser, children are a very attractive target group to be cultivated. They become a pressure group on parents and parents often succumb to children's demands. Sometimes it takes a form of emotional blackmail. They are not buyers. According to Wa dwalkar (1990),† children are parasite consumers. † But, children are potential buyers. They will grow up watching certain brands and kinds of products on television.Long repetitive exposure causes familiarity. In mass communication, familiarity is rightly considered a prerequisite for persuasion and control, and repetition a principle of persuasion. TV advertising for children is an investment for the future too. When they turn into buyers they are already oriented towards buying certain brands and kinds of products. Wadwalkar says, that by taking messages to children, the TV advertiser, at one stroke, has widened the decision making base in the family. No more could adults entirely dictate the purchase of all the different kinds and rands of products. Children cannot be kept entirely out of such decision making. This concerns not so much the quantum of planned purchase, but the occasional, repeat and impulsive purchases. Children are fascinated by TV advertisements. Th ey react to these glamorous, fast paced visuals on TV with their exciting music and their determined sales pitch. TV advertising has entered into daily life- of children. It colors their conversation and play as they speak to one another using slogans, jingles etc. of advertisements.Almost every advertisement that appears on TV contributes to their vocabulary. Advertisements, being short are ideally suited to the concentration, span of even young children. TV advertisements get repeated with such regularity that children learn them. They are in this respect perfectly tied to early learning process. Advertisements put together a series of rapidly changing exciting, visuals to highlight a product. They may not be able to grasp the full meaning of the scene but the focus on the product leaves enough impact on them.In an article on ‘Children and Advertising, Dr. Yadava, Director, IIMC (1989) described how advertising influences behavioural patterns: â€Å"Television advertising f amiliarises the young ones with the world outside and helps them to pick up its mode of expression, its mannerisms and ways of facing it when they grow up. Stimulated feelings of needs and desire tend to occur in the form of powerful imperatives. The intensity with which children experience desire and their inability to assign priorities and accept delays in satisfying them is the common experience of most parents.When these urges remain unfulfilled, such children may grow up with lots of resentment against their parents and the existing social set up. Advertising aimed at children in India is not quite so precise yet, but it's getting there. According to Nabankar Gupta the director of sales and marketing, Videocon, â€Å"The under 16 age group is extremely important for the consumer durable business as they are major influencers in deciding on the product as well as the brand. † Children of this age group are more knowledgeable about product benefits than the parents. Some o f our most successful commercials for washing machines and air coolers use this age group as models to create a direct relationship with the viewer. Doordarshan's code states that any advertisement that endangers the safety of children or creates in them an interest in unhealthy practices shall not be shown. Code No. 23 also provides that no advertisement shall be accepted which leads children to believe that if they do not use or own the product advertised they will be inferior in some way to other children or are likely to be ridiculed for not using it.Despite this, far too many children have begun to associate happiness with acquisition, the one sure sign that consumerism has hit the Indian mind set. As pointed out by Unnikrishan and Bajpai, â€Å"In India, advertising on TV is, today, creating a set of images especially for the Indian child, alongside a host of other dominant images for the rest of its audience. Once internalized, together these become a text of personal succes s and levels of achievement†. Further, they add that, this presentation does not sensitize children to their own or other people's realities.The affluent child might feel convinced that only his or her class of Indians really counts. On the other hand, the child from a poor family class may be forced to acknowledge that the life styles of the affluent class are the only legitimate ones. Increasing westernization (reflected in Indian advertising's choice of style, music and visual message) characterizes the best of television commercials, while a predominantly upper class bias dominates and sets the tone for cultural images swiftly becoming popular and being internalized despite being alien to the majority.Children in every strata of the society are walking around with images of beautiful homes, gadgets that make life comfortable, fun foods and fancy clothes in their minds. The less advantaged children who are being urged to conform to the ways of a society and to a value syste m they can hardly comprehend. They are frightened and frustrated not having the resources to keep up with the demands of the new emerging order. For child viewer, TV advertising holds three types of appeal. 1.Advertisements that appeal directly to the child. It corresponds to the role of children as consumers to whom a certain set of commodities of direct relevance (toys, confectioneries etc. ) appeal. 2. The second group corresponds to the role of the child as a future consumer. This group includes advertisements for all products that are not of immediate relevance to the child including as cars, refrigerators, tyres, cooking, paints etc. 3. The last group corresponds to the role of the child as actor, participant and salesperson.In this group are all the advertisements that feature children. A study by Unnikrishan and Bajpai (1994), on the â€Å"impact of television advertising on children† drew the following conclusions. i. TV messages have different meanings for children from different social segments. ii. Children in India, are being exposed to what might be termed an unreal reality. Television (barring what might appeal on regional networks) often depicts a ‘reality' which fails to mirror Indian society or life for what it is. iii.All children, irrespective of their economic or social status, are influenced by what they see and hear on TV, although the meanings and messages are understood and absorbed differently by children as they bring into their negotiation of TV information, their own experiences. iv. On the average, children in Delhi watch 17 hours of TV every week (which means that at least 50 percents of them watch significantly more than this average figure) children spend more time in front of the small screen than on hobbies and other activities, including home work and meals. . The average 8 year old spends about 68 hours every month, 30 days (of 24 hours each) every year, and one entire year out of 10 exclusively on watching tel evision. vi. Advertising especially when it targets the child, powerfully promotes a consumer culture and the values associated with it. vii. Seventy five percent of children said they loved watching advertisements on TV. When asked whether they liked them better than the programmes themselves, 63. 90 percent of the 5-8 age group said yes, while 43-54 percent of the 8-12 age group and 36. 0 percent of the 13-15 age group said yes. viii. Children below eight see advertisements only as pictures with story lives. Only older children understand the advertisements intention to well. ix. Sixty five percent of children in the 8 to 15 years of age group felt they needed the products they saw on TV. Bhatia (1997) studied the influence of TV advertisements on adolescents of Baroda city . She found moderate impact of TV advertisements on their physical, social, emotional and cognitive development as well as on relationship with their parents.Adolescents were highly influenced by TV advertiseme nts in adopting the ways of expressing one's self. They developed liking for a well decorated home by viewing TV advertisements. They enjoyed seeing their favourite models and sportsman in the advertisements and they expressed that they wanted to become like them. Their general knowledge also increased and they developed ability to differentiate between the different brands of the same product. Some of them understood the motive behind the TV advertisement. Studies on advertising and children by various researchers have highlighted the following findings. 1.Children of all the age group and majority of home makers and male heads watch television in all the peak hour transmission, thus having maximum exposure of advertisements. 2. Many items liked by children were introduced in Indian families through TV advertisements. Most of the products advertised on TV were being purchased by the respondents even when they considered many of these commodities unnecessary. 3. TV advertisements ma de the selected brands of food products popular with children of all income groups. 4. Children started speaking to one another on a ‘lingo' dotted with words, phrases and expressions from TV advertisements.Thus, of all the age groups, advertising especially of television has profound impact on children. The impact of advertising does not function in isolation but it is dependent upon a host of other factors like the nature of advertisement viewing behaviour, socio-economic status, consumer habits and tastes of individuals and their families and the degree and direction of their perceptions. The future of Indian advertising is bright if it takes up it's social responsibility and conducts itself in such a way that it is seen as an important part of the economic development of the country.